A Pilot Study of the Effect of Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation on Micturition-Related Brain Activity and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms After Stroke.

PURPOSE: Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (TSCS) is a novel neuromodulation modality developed to promote functional restoration in patients with neurological injury or disease. Previous pilot data suggest that lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) due to stroke may be partially alleviated by TSCS. In this study, we examine the mechanism of this effect by evaluating bladder-related brain activity in patients before and after TSCS therapy and comparing it to healthy volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who developed storage LUTD after a stroke and healthy volunteers without LUTD were recruited. Patients and healthy volunteers underwent simultaneous urodynamics and functional MRI. Patients then completed 24 biweekly sessions of TSCS and underwent another simultaneous urodynamics-functional MRI study. Clinical outcomes were assessed using validated questionnaires and voiding diary. RESULTS: Fifteen patients and 16 healthy volunteers completed the study. Following TSCS, patients exhibited increased blood-oxygen-level-dependent activity in areas including periaqueductal grey, the insula, the lateral prefrontal cortex, and motor cortex. Prior to TSCS therapy, healthy controls exhibited higher blood-oxygen-level-dependent activity in 17 regions, including multiple regions in the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. These differences were attenuated after TSCS with no frontal brain differences remaining between healthy volunteers and stroke participants who completed therapy. Neuroimaging changes were complemented by clinically significant improvements in questionnaire scores and voiding diary parameters. CONCLUSIONS: TSCS therapy modulated bladder-related brain activity, reducing differences between healthy volunteers and stroke patients with LUTD. These changes, alongside improved clinical outcomes, suggest TSCS as a promising approach for LUTD management.

Health Care Economic Burden of Treatment and Rehabilitation for Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: The clinical, social, and economic impacts of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) on individuals and health care systems are thought to be immense, yet the true costs of care are unknown. The aims of this study are to illuminate the global costs related to the current state of care for NLUTD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed using MEDLINE, the National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database, and the Cochrane Specialized Urology and Incontinence Registers. Studies reporting the health care costs of NLUTD were identified. All steps of the review were performed by 2 independent reviewers. Costs were converted to 2022 U.S. dollars and reported for different categories of services. RESULTS: A total of 13 studies were included in the final review (12 from high-income economy, and 1 from an upper-middle-income economy). Routine maintenance care varied notably across studies in terms of included services. Annual supportive costs ranged from $2,039.69 to $12,219.07 with 1 study estimating lifetime costs of $112,774 when complications were considered. There were limited data on the costs of care from the patient's perspective. However, catheters and absorbent aids were estimated to be among the costliest categories of expenditure during routine care. More invasive and reconstructive treatments were associated with significant costs, ranging between $18,057 and $55,873. CONCLUSIONS: NLUTD incurs a variety of health care expenditures ranging from incontinence supplies to hospitalizations for management of complications and leads to a significant burden for health care systems over the patient's lifetime. Approaches to NLUTD that focus on functional rehabilitation and restoration, rather than on management of complications, may prove to be a less costly and more effective alternative.

The Association of Physical Activity and Urinary Incontinence in US Women: Results from a Multi-Year National Survey.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationships between physical activity, both work and recreational, and urinary incontinence among women. METHODS: We assessed women aged 20 years and older in 2008-2018 NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) cycles who answered self-reported urinary incontinence and physical activity questions. Weighted, multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine the association between incontinence and physical activity levels after adjusting for age, body mass index, diabetes, race, parity, menopause and smoking. RESULTS: A total of 30,213 women were included in analysis, of whom 23.15% had stress incontinence, 23.16% had urge incontinence, and 8.42% had mixed incontinence (answered "yes" to both stress and urge incontinence). Women who engaged in moderate recreational activity were less likely to report stress and urge incontinence (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.62-0.99 and OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.48-0.90, respectively). Similarly, women who engaged in moderate activity work were less likely to report stress, urge and mixed incontinence (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.70-0.99; OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.72-0.99; and OR 0.66 95% CI 0.45-0.97, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Moderate physical activity and greater time spent participating in moderate physical activity are associated with a decreased likelihood of stress, urge and mixed incontinence in women. This relationship holds for both recreational and work-related activity. We hypothesize that the mechanism of this relationship is multifactorial, with moderate physical activity improving pelvic floor strength and modifying neurophysiological mediators (such as stress) involved in the pathogenesis of incontinence.

The effect of stroke on micturition associated brain activity: A pilot fMRI study.

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral stroke is a unique model for studying the role of the brain in lower urinary tract (LUT) control. By its nature, stroke must change the activity of the brain to cause LUT dysfunction. The objective of this study was to describe changes in micturition-related brain activity in patients who develop LUT symptoms (LUTS) after a cerebral stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Healthy controls (HC, n = 10) and patients who developed storage LUTS after a cerebral stroke (n = 7) were recruited. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess brain activity in each subject. In the task-based block design, blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal was detected during rest, active bladder filling, and bladder voiding. BOLD signal intensity was compared between HCs and stroke subjects during bladder filling, voiding, and voiding initiation. RESULTS: Stroke subjects exhibited higher activity in the periaqueductal gray and cerebellum during bladder filling and bladder voiding. HCs exhibited more intense activity in higher centers, such as the cingulate cortex, motor cortex, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in each of the phases examined. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with stroke-related LUTS exhibit a specific pattern of brain activity during bladder filling and voiding. There appears to be a greater reliance on primitive centers (cerebellum, midbrain) than in healthy controls during both phases of the micturition cycle. We hypothesize that these findings may reflect loss of connectivity with higher brain centers after a stroke.

Anal Sphincteroplasty in the Minimally Invasive Era: Assessment of National Trends and Complications.

Fecal incontinence is a debilitating and underreported condition. Despite introduction of novel therapies in recent years, anal sphincteroplasty (AS) remains the surgical choice for certain patients. Previous reports have primarily focused on single-surgeon or single-center experience with AS. The purpose of this study was to assess patient characteristics and perioperative outcomes of AS using a national cohort. Patients (n = 586) who underwent AS as a primary procedure between 2009 and 2015 were identified by the CPT code as recorded in the study and were evaluated and examined for association with 30-day complications. The number of sphincteroplasties performed decreased seven-fold between 2009 and 2015. Wound infection, wound dehiscence, and urinary tract infection were the most common complications, occurring in 30 (5.1%), 12 (2.1%), and 6 (1%) patients, respectively. Preoperative steroid use and surgeon specialty were associated with wound complications on multivariate analysis. We present the first national study of patients undergoing AS and identify factors that predispose to wound complications. In addition, we demonstrate that the number of anal sphincteroplasties performed in the United States is decreasing dramatically, likely because of novel therapy for fecal incontinence. We hope that this study will assist in patient counseling and call attention to preserving surgical training as utilization of AS rapidly declines.

Electrocorticographic Activity of the Brain During Micturition.

Current therapies for neurogenic bladder do not allow spinal cord injury patients to regain conscious control of urine storage or voiding. Novel neural technologies may provide means to improve or restore the connection between the brain and the bladder; however, the specific brain areas and their underlying neural activities responsible for micturition must be better understood in order to design such technologies. In this retrospective study, we analyzed electrocorticographic (ECoG) data obtained from epilepsy patients who underwent ECoG grid implantation for epilepsy surgery evaluation, in the hopes of determining specific electrophysiological activity associated with micturition. Our results indicate modulation of the delta (δ, 0.1-4 Hz) and low-gamma (\gamma, 25-50 Hz) activity in the peri-Sylvian area and the inferior temporal lobe. These findings suggest involvement of the insular cortex and the uncinate fasciculus in micturition, important structures related to sensation and decision making. To date, this is the first known study utilizing ECoG data to elucidate the electrophysiological activity of the brain associated with bladder control and sensation.

Laser prostate ablation and enucleation: Analysis of a national cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To compare characteristics and outcomes of benign prostatic hyperplasia patients undergoing prostate laser ablation with those undergoing laser enucleation using a nationwide cohort. METHODS: Men who underwent prostate laser ablation (n=10054) or laser enucleation (n=1705) between 2011 and 2015 were identified by the common procedural terminology code as recorded in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative parameters were compared between the groups using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Prostate laser ablation patients were older, had more comorbidities and were more likely to have abnormal laboratory values. Enucleations were significantly longer and more likely to result in a hospital stay >1day. Enucleation patients were also more likely to require a blood transfusion postoperatively, but less likely to experience urinary tract infection and sepsis on both univariate and multivariate analysis adjusted for preoperative and intraoperative factors. CONCLUSIONS: Although laser enucleation and prostate laser ablation are both considered minimally invasive techniques, significant differences in patient selection, intraoperative factors and postoperative complications are identified in this national cohort. The present study shows that despite similar outcomes in prospective single-center studies, prostate laser ablation and laser enucleation have distinct practice patterns in a broader national context.

The Association of Serum Testosterone Levels and Urinary Incontinence in Women.

PURPOSE: Pelvic floor integrity is an important predictor of stress urinary incontinence. Androgen receptors have been found in the pelvic floor musculature and fascia, and testosterone administration has been shown to increase levator ani hypertrophy and improve stress incontinence in a rodent model. We examined the relationship between serum total testosterone levels and self-reported urinary incontinence in women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included women older than 20 years in the 2012 NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) cycle who underwent serum total testosterone measurement and answered self-reported urinary incontinence questions. A weighted, multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine the association between incontinence and serum testosterone levels after adjusting for age, body mass index, diabetes, race, parity, menopause and time of venipuncture. RESULTS: A total of 2,321 women were included in analysis, of whom 37.5% had stress incontinence, 29.8% had urge incontinence and 16.4% had mixed incontinence. Women in the lowest quartile of serum testosterone were more likely to complain of stress and mixed incontinence (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.03-2.12 and OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.23-2.22, respectively). No association was noted between serum testosterone levels and urge incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: Low serum testosterone is associated with an increased likelihood of stress and mixed incontinence in women. Given the role of pelvic musculature in maintaining urethral support and the anabolic effect of androgens on skeletal muscle, a physiological mechanism for this relationship can be proposed and further evaluated in prospective and translational studies.

Comparison of Times to Ureteral Efflux after Administration of Sodium Fluorescein and Phenazopyridine.

PURPOSE: There is currently a national shortage of indigo carmine. In efforts to identify the most efficient aid for visualizing ureteral efflux intraoperatively we investigated the time to excretion of phenazopyridine vs a newly identified alternative, sodium fluorescein. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed prospectively collected data on a cohort of women who underwent pelvic reconstructive surgery in 2015. Per provider preference patterns a number of patients were administered 200 mg phenazopyridine orally with a sip of water 1 hour prior to the start of operative time. Other patients were given 0.5 ml 10% sodium fluorescein intravenously in the operating room. In all cases time was measured between the administration of the agent and the visualization of color changes consistent with agent efflux in an indwelling catheter, which was placed at the start of the operation. Differences in excretion times between the groups were compared with the Wilcoxon rank sum test. RESULTS: Seven women received phenazopyridine and 5 received sodium fluorescein. Mean excretion time was significantly longer in the phenazopyridine group compared to the sodium fluorescein group (81.9 vs 5.1 minutes, p = 0.0057). Median excretion time for phenazopyridine was 70 minutes (range 59 to 127) and for sodium fluorescein it was 5 minutes (range 3 to 9). CONCLUSIONS: Sodium fluorescein is excreted significantly faster in the operating room compared to phenazopyridine. Depending on the cost of these agents at an institution, in addition to the desire to decrease operative time, this may impact practice patterns and agent selection.

Voiding Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis.

Voiding dysfunction is a common and debilitating consequence of multiple sclerosis (MS). The prevalence and severity of voiding dysfunction increases with the increasing severity of MS, but even the mildest forms of the disease are associated with urinary symptoms in 30% of patients. Every component of the central nervous system is involved in regulating voiding; as a result, MS can lead to a wide variety of urinary symptoms and urologic complications. The effect of MS on voiding can be classified according to the resulting function of the bladder and the urethral sphincter during storage and emptying of urine. Therapy is targeted to the specific bladder and sphincter abnormalities that occur. The primary goals of therapy are prevention of injury to the upper urinary tract (kidneys), reduction in urinary tract infections, and maintenance of urinary continence. These goals can be achieved by interventions ranging from behavioral modification to major reconstructive surgery.

Role of imaging in testicular cancer: current and future practice.

The article provides a summary of the epidemiologic and clinical aspects of testicular malignancy. Current standard imaging and novel techniques are reviewed. Present data and clinical treatment trends have favored surveillance protocols over adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy for low-stage testicular malignancy. This has resulted in increasing numbers of imaging studies and the potential for increased long-term exposure risks. Understanding imaging associated risks as well as strategies to minimize these risks is of increasing importance. The development, validation and incorporation of alternative lower risk highly efficacious and cost-effective imaging techniques is essential.

Urinary Lignans Are Associated With Decreased Incontinence in Postmenopausal Women.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between urinary phytoestrogens and self-reported urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women in the United States using a large, cross-sectional, population-based cohort survey. METHODS: Data were analyzed for 1789 postmenopausal women aged 50 years or older who participated in one of the 2001-2010 cycles of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and underwent measurement of 4 isoflavone (soy derived) and 2 lignan (flax derived) phytoestrogens in their urine. Incontinence was defined as self-reported stress, urge, other, or mixed incontinence. Urine phytoestrogen concentrations were examined in weighted, multivariate logistic regression models for association with each of the lower urinary tract symptoms. All models were adjusted for age, body mass index, diabetes, race, smoking, and parity. RESULTS: Increasing urine concentrations of the lignan phytoestrogen enterodiol was associated with decreased likelihood of urge (odds ratio [OR], 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85-0.99), mixed (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.98), and other (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81-0.99) incontinence, whereas increasing urine concentrations of the lignan phytoestrogen enterolactone was associated with decreased likelihood of urge (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86-0.99) and mixed (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84-0.99) incontinence. No association was observed between any isoflavone phytoestrogens and types of incontinence. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that lignan phytoestrogens may have a protective effect against incontinence in postmenopausal women. Prospective clinical and laboratory studies are warranted to investigate the mechanism of this relationship.

Primary spermatic cord tumors: disease characteristics, prognostic factors, and treatment outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Experience with management of spermatic cord tumors (SCTs) is uncommon. We utilized a large population-based cancer registry to characterize the demographic, pathological, treatment characteristics, and outcomes of SCTs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1973-2007) was queried. RESULTS: From the database, 362 patients were identified with SCT. The annual incidence of SCT was 0.3 cases per million and did not change over time. The most common histologic types were liposarcoma (46%), leiomyosarcoma (20%), histiocytoma (13%), and rhabdomyosarcoma (9%). The median age of diagnosis for rhabdomyosarcomas was (26.3 y), whereas for other SCTs, it was (64.7 y) (P<0.001). On multivariate analysis, a worse outcome was observed with undifferentiated tumor grade, distant disease, positive lymph nodes, and leiomyosarcoma or histiocytoma cell histology. CONCLUSION: We describe the largest cohort of SCT studied to date. Liposarcoma was most common, while leiomyosarcoma and histiocytoma histologic subtypes were observed to be the most aggressive. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor grade, stage, histologic type, and lymph node involvement were independently predictive of prognosis.

Risk factors for sepsis after percutaneous renal stone surgery.

Since its introduction into the endourologist's armamentarium almost 40 years ago, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has become the standard of care for patients with large-volume nephrolithiasis. Postoperative infection is one of the most common complications of the procedure, and postoperative sepsis is one of the most detrimental. A number of factors have been found to increase the risk of postoperative sepsis. These include patient characteristics that are known preoperatively, such as urine culture obtained from the bladder or from the renal pelvis if percutaneous access to the renal pelvis is obtained in advance to the procedure. Neurogenic bladder dysfunction secondary to spinal cord injury and anatomical renal abnormalities, such as pelvicalyceal dilatation, have also been associated with increased incidence of fever and sepsis after the procedure. Several intraoperative factors, such as the average renal pressure sustained during PCNL and the operative time, also seem to increase the risk of sepsis. Finally, the contribution of postoperative factors, such as presence of a nephrostomy tube or a urethral catheter, has also been investigated. A short preoperative course of antibiotics has been found to significantly decrease the rate of postoperative fever and sepsis. Novel agents targeted at sepsis prevention and treatment, such as anti-endotoxin antibodies and cholesterol-lowering drugs statins, are currently under investigation.

Testicular cancer: what the radiologist needs to know.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review current imaging techniques and evolving technologies that are being used for detection and management of testicular cancer. CONCLUSION: The primary goal of cancer imaging is accurate disease characterization at diagnosis and through all stages of management. Knowledge of the disease and diagnostic performance characteristics of each technique is critical to identify the appropriate modality for staging disease and to monitor for treatment response and recurrence that may dictate further intervention.

Immediate renal transplantation after radical prostatectomy for low-risk prostate cancer.

INTRODUCTION: For most cancers, a two- to five-yr period with no evidence of disease must be demonstrated before organ transplantation. The natural history of prostate cancer is unique both because of extensive pre-treatment screening and the ease of post-treatment monitoring for recurrence. Using available predictive models for prostate cancer recurrence, we examine whether current evidence supports a prolonged waiting period after radical prostatectomy and before renal transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A MedLine search was conducted to identify five series (published between 2000 and 2011), which examined biochemical recurrence (BCR) after prostatectomy for low-risk prostate cancer. The likelihood of BCR at one, two, and five yr after radical prostatectomy was identified for each series. RESULTS: Each of the analyzed series demonstrated that the likelihood of BCR after radical prostatectomy for low-risk prostate cancer was identical at one, two, and five yr and did not exceed 5%. CONCLUSIONS: The likelihood of BCR does not increase during the first five yr after radical prostatectomy for low-risk prostate cancer. Additionally, the risk of recurrence approaches zero during this period. Therefore, current evidence does not support the mandated waiting period of five yr before organ transplantation.